CD4

CD4 is a glycoprotein that occurs on the surface of the T helper cells. Glycoproteins are made up of proteins attached to oligosaccharides. They occur on the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells. Also, they occur in the blood. The protein part occurs as an integral membrane protein and the oligosaccharide part protrudes out of the...

CD4+ T cells

CD4+ T cells are the helper T cells (TH cells) that express CD4 glycoprotein on the cell membrane. They are responsible for the activation or suppression of the function of the other cells in the immune system. This mediation occurs through various types of cytokines secreted by CD4 T cells. Antigen-presenting cells including macrophages, neutrophils,...

Difference Between CD4 and CD4+

Definition CD4 refers to a large glycoprotein that is found associated with a T cell receptor, especially on the surface of helper T cells. In contrast, CD4+ refers to a type of lymphocyte that helps to coordinate the immune response by stimulating other immune cells, such as macrophages, B lymphocytes (B cells), and CD8 T...

Rapid Test

Rapid test is a rapid antigen detection test that directly detects the presence or absence of antigens in a sample. However, it is not used to detect antibodies and nucleic acids. Importantly, it gives results within 5 to 30 minutes. Also, it requires minimal training infrastructure. Additionally, it is more cost-effective than ELISA testing. Among...

Difference Between ELISA and Rapid Test

Definition ELISA refers to an assay commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins, and glycoproteins in a sample. In contrast, rapid test refers to easy-to-use tests that provide quick results, usually in 20 minutes or less. Type of Detection ELISA detects antibodies and nucleic acids while rapid test detects antigens. Time ELISA test is not...

Dot Blot

Dot blot is a simplification method of the western blot method that detects proteins. Importantly, it does not separate the sample by gel electrophoresis in the beginning. Instead, the sample is directly applied as a single dot on the membrane. Although it is a simple method, it saves time in contrast to gel electrophoresis and...

Slot Blot

Slot blot is another technique of molecular biology used to analyze a large number of samples in a single experiment. Therefore, the geometry of the blot is a key difference between dot blot and slot blot. Also, both techniques are important alterations of the western blot. Since they do not use gel electrophoresis, the sample...

Difference Between Dot Blot and Slot Blot

Definition Dot blot refers to a method of identifying DNA, RNA, and Protein in the sample. In contrast, slot blot refers to an approach to analyzing a large number of samples in a single experiment. Sample Size Dot blot uses a small number of samples while slot blot uses a large number of samples. Characteristics...

Clonal selection

Clonal selection is the reaction of the receptors of B lymphocytes with antigens presented in antigen-presenting cells. It occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane Burnet introduced the concept of clonal selection in 1957. It explains the generation of antibodies with great diversity during the initiation...

Clonal expansion

Clonal expansion is the rapid proliferation of activated B cells, producing a large number of identical B lymphocytes. It occurs in response to the cytokines produced by T4 helper lymphocytes. During proliferation, B lymphocytes undergo affinity maturation as a result of somatic hypermutations. Somatic hypermutation is a genetic process that accumulates point mutations in the...